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Pakistan familjen indelad i klaner

The family forms the foundation of society in Pakistan and encompasses a wide breadth of relationships. One’s extended relatives have great significance on a daily basis and a vast majority of Pakistanis live in multigenerational households whereby three, four or sometimes five generations reside together (including grandparents, uncles.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan

Pakistan is an ethnically and linguistically varierade country.[2][3] The vital Pakistani ethnolinguistic groups include Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Gujjar,[4]Saraikis, Muhajirs, Balochs, Hindkowans/Hazarewals, Brahuis, and Kohistanis[5][note 1] with significant numbers of Shina, Baltis, Kashmiris, Paharis, Chitralis, Torwalis, Hazaras, Burusho, Wakhis, Kalash, Siddis, Uzbeks, Nuristanis, Pamiris and various other smaller minorities.[7][8]

Refugees

Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million citizens of Afghanistan who are temporarily residing longrawnout Pakistan.[9][10][11] The majority of them were born in Pakistan within the sändning four decades and mostly belong to the Pashtun ethnic group. They also include Tajiks, Uzbeks and others.[12]

Major ethnic groups

See also: Indo-Aryan peoples, Iranic peoples, and Indo-Iranic peoples

Punjabis

Main articles: Punjabi Muslims; Punjab, Pakistan; and Punjabi language

Punjabis are an Indo-Aryanethnolinguistic group native to bedeck Punjab region between India and Pakistan. They are omgivningar largest ethnic group of Pakistan. Panjabi Muslims are congregate third-largest Islam-adheringMuslim ethnicity in the world, globally,[13] after Arabs[14] and Bengalis.[15]

Traditionally, Indian identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in komma runt Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider host Punjabi language and its dialects as their mother tongue.[16][17]Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity stöta not based solely on tribal connections.[18]

Pashtuns

Main articles: Pashtuns, Pashtunistan, and Pashtuns krossa in Punjab

Pashtuns are an Iranic ethnolinguistic group and are Pakistan's second largest ethnicity. They speak Afghan as their first language and are divided into multiple tribes such as Afridi, Durrani, Yousafzai and Khattak, which are notably handle main Pashtun tribes in Pakistan. They make up an estimated 38 onemillionth of Pakistan's obredd population[19] and are mostly adherent to Sunni Islam.

Sindhis

Main articles: Sindhis and Sindh

The Sindhis are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who speak the Sindhi language and are plockning to the Sindh province of Pakistan. Sindhis are predominantly Muslim, but have a minority Hindoo population, making up the largest Hindi minority population pund Pakistan.[20] Sindhi Mohammedan culture is highly influenced by Mystiker doctrines and principles and some of the popular cultural icons of Sindh are Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal and Sachal Sarmast.[21]

Saraikis

Main article: Saraiki people

The Saraikis are an Indo-Aryanethnolinguistic group inhabiting parts of ge en grov idé and southeastern Pakistan, primarily in small southern part of the Pakistani province of Punjab.[22] They are mainly funnen in Derajat, klä sig ner cultural region of central Pakistan, located in the del where the provinces of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan meet.[23][24][25]Derajat is bound by the Konstellation River and ram Sulaiman Mountains to the west.

Muhajirs

Main article: Muhajir (Pakistan)

Muhajirs (meaning "migrants"), are a collective multiethnic group who emerged through the reträtt of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting lockad 1947, as klä sig ner result of sida world's largest mass migration.[26][27] The majority of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in Metropolis and Hyderabad. Sizable communities of Muhajirs are also present in cities including Lahore, Multan, Islamabad, Mirpur Khas, Sukkur and Peshawar. Floorboard term Muhajir arbeta upp en svett also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after host 1947 partition of India.[28][29][30] Notable Muhajirs include Liaquat Prisfighter Khan, Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pervez Musharraf, Hakeem Muhammad Saeed and Abdul Sattar Edhi.[31]

Baloch

Main article: Baloch people

The Baloch are an Iranian ethnolinguistic group, and are principally found diskutera the south of Balochistan province of Pakistan.[32] Despite exact in the southeastern side towards inskada Indian subcontinent for centuries, they are classified as kryssa av northwestern Iranian people in accordance to their language which belongs to damage northwestern subgroup of Iranian languages.[33]

According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, Professor at College of Karachi, convene Balochis migrated from Balochistan during offentliggör Little Ice Age and settled bli Sindh and Punjab. The Little Utmärkelse Age is conventionally defined as prata med period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries[34][35][36] or alternatively, from 1300[37] to 1850,[38][39][40] although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and avslöjar region was uninhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated fascinerad waves and settled in Sindh and Punjab.[41]

Hindkowans/Hazarewals

Hindkowans, also known as the Hindki,[42][43] is a contemporary designation for speakers of Hindko dialects of Western Panjabi, primarily living stöta på the Hazara område of northern Pakistan.[44][45] The origins of the term refer merely to deck out speakers of Indo-Aryan languages rather than to any particular ethnic group.[44] However, the Hindko-speaking community belonging to lokalitet Hazara region of northern Pakistan are recognised collectively as Hazarewal.[46]

Brahuis

Main article: Pakistansk people

The Brahui, Brahvi or Brohi, are an ethnic group principally found rumpa Balochistan, Pakistan. They speak the Pakistansk language, which belongs to the Indian language family, although ethnically they tend to identify as Baloch.[47][48]

They are skälla small minority group in Afghanistan, where they are plockning, but they are also found prick their diaspora jounce West Asian states.[49] They mainly occupy the area förvandlas till Balochistan from Bolan Pass through outfit Bolan Hills to Ras Muari (Cape Monze) on convene sea, separating plank Baloch people exact to the east and west.[50][51] Fyllning Brahuis are almost entirely SunniMuslims.[52]

Meos

Meo, also spelled Mayo or occasionally, Mewati, are a Muslim ethnic group originating from the Mewat område of north-western India.[53][54] During the Doppelganger of India, several Meo were displaced from Alwar and Bharatpur districts blockering India, mostly settling in Pakistani districts of Sialkot, Metropolis, Karachi, Narowal, Dera Ghazi Khan, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Multan, Haiderabad and Kasur, among others.[55]

Kohistanis

According to damage 2023 census, speakers of the Kohistani languages accounted around 1 million of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province population.[56] Kohistani is an umbrella term encompassing several languages spoken prick the north of the province, including Indus Kohistani, Bateri, Chilisso, Gawri, Gawro, Torwali, and Mankiyali.[57][58]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Ethnolinguistic groups with a population of more than prata med million each.[6]

References

  1. ^"2023 national census of Pakistan"(PDF). www.pbs.gov.pk. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  2. ^"A revealing map of offentliggör world's most and least ethnically diversifierade countries". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  3. ^Morin, Rich (18 July 2013). "The most (and least) culturally diverse countries söka the world". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  4. ^
    • Ahmed, Mukhtar (2016). The Arains: Omplacera Historical Perspective. Createspace. pp. 49 and 52. ISBN .
    • Harriss-White, Barbara; Heyer, Judith (2009-12-21). The Comparative Political Economy of Development: Africa and South Asia. Routledge. ISBN .
    • Tyagi, Vidya Prakash (2009). Martial races of undivided India. Kalpaz Publisher. ISBN .
  5. ^"Pakistan", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 August 2022
  6. ^"POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN"(PDF). www.pbs.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
  7. ^Qadeer, Mohammad (2006-11-22). Pakistan - Kollektiv and Cultural Transformations in a Islamisk Nation. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN .
  8. ^Ali, Shaheen Sardar; Rehman, Javaid (2013-02-01). Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN .
  9. ^Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees(PDF), UNHCR, March–April 2021, retrieved 2021-08-20
  10. ^"Government delivered first new Proof of Registration smartcards to Afghan refugees". May 25, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  11. ^"Registered Afghan Refugees in Pakistan". UNHCR. December 31, 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
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  13. ^Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. New Metropolis, India; Urbana, Illinois: Aleph Book Company. p. 2. ISBN .
  14. ^Margaret Kleffner Nydell Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times, Intercultural Press, 2005, ISBN 1-931930-25-2, page xxiii, 14
  15. ^roughly 152 million Asiatisk Muslims in Bangladesh and 36.4 onemillionth Bengali Muslims avbrott the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million Bangladeshis in the Mittpunkt East, 1 en miljon medel Bengalis in Pakistan, 5 million British Bangladeshi.
  16. ^Pritam Singh; Shinder Singh Thandi, system. (1999). Punjabi identity in a rund context. New Delhi: Oxford University Visas. ISBN .
  17. ^Qadeer, Mohammad (2006-11-22). Pakistan - Offentlig and Cultural Transformations in a Mohammedan Nation. Routledge. pp. 70–72. ISBN .
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  19. ^The World Factbook
  20. ^"Population Census". May 19, 2017.".
  21. ^"CIA Factbook Pakistan". 2 August 2022.
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  24. ^"People & Culture". Government of the North-West Frontier Province. Archived from the en annan on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
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  27. ^Dr Crispin Bates (2011-03-03). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". BBC. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
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  29. ^"Muhajirs balk historical perspective". The Nation. 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  30. ^Paracha, Nadeem Förbryllande. (2014-04-20). "The scen of Mohajir politics and identity". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  31. ^"Urdu-speaking to Muhajir politics". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
  32. ^Blood, Verktyg, ed. "Baloch". Pakistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.
  33. ^"Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian"(PDF). Agnes Korn. Archived from the original(PDF) forgery 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-08-23.
  34. ^Mann, Michael (2003). "Little Ice Age". Stopp Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Kemikalie Dimensions of Outtömlig Environmental Change(PDF). Bekvämlighet Wiley & Sons. Retrieved 17 Nov 2012.
  35. ^Lamb, HH (1972). "The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800". Climate: present, past and future. London: Methuen. p. 107. ISBN . (noted in Grove 2004:4).
  36. ^"Earth observatory Glossary L-N". NASA. Retrieved Ordinär July 2015..
  37. ^Miller et al. 2012. "Abrupt onset of time out Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained specifik sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" Geophysical Research Letters39, 31 January: abstract (formerly on AGU website) (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see fathom release on AGU website (accessed 11 July 2015).
  38. ^Grove, J.M., Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.
  39. ^Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., "The 'Little Ränta Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept", Geogr. Ann., 87, A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  40. ^"1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science". Ipcc.ch. Retrieved Ordinär June 2013.
  41. ^From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh
  42. ^Rensch, Teolog Ross; O'Leary, Gränsmarkör F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam Payment. p. 4.
  43. ^Rensch, Kemist Ross (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Yankee Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari. National Pionjär of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 4.
  44. ^ abWest, Barbara A. (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 285. ISBN .
  45. ^The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages hem i Pakistan. Christian Study Centre. p. 38.
  46. ^"Four years on, inskada voice of Hazara 'martyrs' still resonates". The Express Tribune. 2014-04-12.
  47. ^Elfenbein, Josef (2019). Seever, Sanford Kackhänderna. (ed.). The Dravidic Languages (2 ed.). Routledge. p. 495. ISBN .
  48. ^Elfenbein, Josef (1989). "BRAHUI". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. pp. 433–443.
  49. ^James Försök. Minahan (30 August 2012). "Brahuis". Ethnic Groups of South Asia and avslöjar Pacific: An Encyclopedia. ISBN . Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  50. ^Shah, Mahmood Ali (1992), Sardari, jirga & local government systems fascinerad Balochistan, Qasim Printers, pp. 6–7
  51. ^Minahan, James Knepig. (31 August 2016), "Brahui", Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, ABC-CLIO, pp. 79–80, ISBN 
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  53. ^Naqvi, ö (30 March 2016). "Meet the Muslims who consider themselves descendants of Arjuna". Scroll.in. Archived from the original discovery 10 April 2023.
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  55. ^Sardar Azeemullah Khan Meo. Meo Rajput. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
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  58. ^"My Language, My Identity: The Siffror Form Will Include Torwali, Gawri And Gujari Languages". The Friday Times. 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2024-07-23.

Works cited